![]() Many of these designs have regional characteristics, which make them unique to the people and culture they originated from. Modern archeologists have uncovered many beautiful examples of tessellation art created by the Sumerian civilization, where it then spread to many other ancient civilizations such as the Romans, Chinese, Greek, Egyptians, Arabs, Moors, and Persians. The use of tessellation patterns in temples and homes can be traced back to sometime in 4,000 BC in Sumeria. Tessellation pattern of a street pavement in Zakopane, Poland Dmharvey, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons This hints at the historical use of tessellation ideas that stretch far back into our history when small tiles made of glass, stone, or clay were used to create patterns on public and domestic surfaces. The word derives from the Latin word tessellātus (square small stones) and the Greek word tessera (four). The use of tessellation ideas and concepts throughout our history has resulted in the creation of beautifully decorated architecture, such as temples and mosques, as well as magnificent works of art.Īn understanding of ancient languages in history can help one better understand the tessellation definition. Also known as tiling, this process results in a mosaic pattern that can be used in a highly creative manner, despite its largely confining mathematical structure. What is Tessellation? Tessellation art is created through the process of covering a surface with a number of geometric shapes that fit together almost like a jig-saw puzzle, never overlapping and leaving no spaces between them. 3.2 Are People Still Creating Tessellation Art Today?.Escher’s Work Considered to Be Tessellation Art? 1.1 A Brief History of Tessellation Patterns.
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![]() Or even to inform Path.walk() about directories the caller creates or This can be used to prune the search, or to impose a specific order of visiting, Will only recurse into the subdirectories whose names remain in dirnames. (for example, using del or slice assignment), and Path.walk() When top_down is true, the caller can modify the dirnames list in-place List of subdirectories is retrieved before the triples for the directory and If top_down is false, the tripleįor a directory is generated after the triples for all of its subdirectories ![]() If the optional argument top_down is true (which is the default), the triple for aĭirectory is generated before the triples for any of its subdirectories Whether or not the lists are sorted is file (which begins with self) to a file or directory in dirpath, doĭirpath / name. The names of the non-directory files in dirpath. (excluding '.' and '.'), and filenames is a list of strings for Self but excluding ‘.’ and ‘.’), the method yields a 3-tuple ofĭirpath is a Path to the directory currently being walked,ĭirnames is a list of strings for the names of subdirectories in dirpath Generate the file names in a directory tree by walking the treeįor each directory in the directory tree rooted at self (including walk ( top_down = True, on_error = None, follow_symlinks = False ) ¶ To the directory after creating the iterator, whether a path object for The children are yielded in arbitrary order, and the special entries PosixPath('docs/conf.py') PosixPath('docs/_templates') PosixPath('docs/make.bat') PosixPath('docs/index.rst') PosixPath('docs/_build') PosixPath('docs/_static') PosixPath('docs/Makefile') When the path points to a directory, yield path objects of the directory Other errors (such as permission errors) are propagated. Pointing to a character device), False if it points to another kind of file. Return True if the path points to a character device (or a symbolic link Pointing to a block device), False if it points to another kind of file. Return True if the path points to a block device (or a symbolic link Pointing to a FIFO), False if it points to another kind of file. Return True if the path points to a FIFO (or a symbolic link ![]() Pointing to a Unix socket), False if it points to another kind of file.įalse is also returned if the path doesn’t exist or is a broken symlink Return True if the path points to a Unix socket (or a symbolic link Return True if the path points to a symbolic link, False otherwise.įalse is also returned if the path doesn’t exist other errors (suchĪs permission errors) are propagated. Useful since those simply don’t have any OS-accessing operations.Ĭhanged in version 3.12: Windows support was added. In this case, instantiating one of the pure classes may be You want to make sure that your code only manipulates paths without actuallyĪccessing the OS. You cannot instantiate a WindowsPath when running on Unix, but you If you want to manipulate Windows paths on a Unix machine (or vice versa). Pure paths are useful in some special cases for example: It instantiatesĪ concrete path for the platform the code is running on. Right for your task, Path is most likely what you need. If you’ve never used this module before or just aren’t sure which class is Inherit from pure paths but also provide I/O operations. Operations without I/O, and concrete paths, which Path classes are dividedīetween pure paths, which provide purely computational This module offers classes representing filesystem paths with semanticsĪppropriate for different operating systems. ![]() If you have difficulty updating content see Repair security permissions for iTunes for Windows or Repair security permissions for iTunes for Mac as appropriate.Īs long as you move the library properly any devices that you have will sync with it as if nothing has changed. ![]() If you think that you've moved your library correctly but cannot see your expected content when you open the library, or you see cloud links to items which should be stored locally, then see Empty/corrupt iTunes library after upgrade/crash. See Open a different iTunes Library file or create a new one - Apple Support for details. If you want to place your library on a different path, typically the root of a drive, then press and hold down shift (Win) or option (Mac) as you start iTunes to get the option to create or choose a new library, select choose, then browse to the folder that contains your library and select the iTunes l file inside. Backing up the library in this fashion ensures you have a working clone of the library on an external drive that you can connect to at any time if needed.Ī portable library can be copied or restored to a location other than the standard user's music folder, which is probably the best approach if your computer has a small SSD system drive. See Backup your iTunes for Windows library with SyncToy for a suggested backup strategy. However a better approach is to maintain a regular backup of the iTunes library, update the backup when you want to switch computers, restore the library to the new machine, then regularly maintain the backup going forward. You can copy your library over a network share, or copy it to an external drive, move the drive between computers, then copy it into the new computer. If your library is not in this standard shape, perhaps because you've placed the media folder on a different drive, or have added media from various different locations without making copies in the media folder, then you either need to copy each of the components of the library to matching paths on the new computer or see Make a split library portable for advice on manipulating the library into a portable layout that can be copied to a new location without breaking the links to the media. ![]() This approach works well as long as your library is in the usual layout where all of the media connected to the iTunes library is inside the iTunes Media folder, which in turn is inside the iTunes folder holding the library database file. In most cases you simply need to copy the entire iTunes folder from your old computer into the user's music folder of the new computer, then deauthorize the old computer if you no longer wish to access protected iTunes content on it. ![]() So the key is to soften the face’s angles. The square face is generally considered to be the most masculine face shape, It’s characterized by a sharp jawline, a square forehead, and straight sides. Your length and width proportions are equal with a forehead and jawline of similar breadth. Even by incorporating a mask into your regimen once a week-when hair seems to be healthy in the first place-you ensure that it stays stronger and more cooperative for the growing out process.Square Face:All measurements are fairly similar. Dear recommends doing a hair mask before every shampoo until you notice that the hair has become more shiny and less tangled. If you’re growing your hair out, you should consider adding a scalp and hair mask to your routine, since you need to prevent breakage and fraying over time, while keeping the shafts and scalp healthy. Products like scalp masks and hair masks -and even conditioners-help “tone” the pH levels and bring them back to normal, while also loading strands with an abundance of vitamins and nutrients. ![]() “Also, if your pH is low, you will notice that your hair is dull and has more tangle,” Dear adds. It’s a hard thing to measure exactly (it’s a 14-notch scale that measures the acidity or basicity of anything), but you can assume your pH levels are imbalanced if you’re experiencing any kind of dryness, excessive oil, or irritation. ![]() One thing Dear urges her clients to address is their hair and scalp pH levels. And if you’re concerned about oil buildup due to fewer shampoos, you can rest assured that conditioner will help flush away excess grease-though a dry shampoo powder will do wonders for oil absorption and volume maximization first thing in the morning. If you are dealing with scalp issues like flakesand or oily scalp, you would want to shampoo and condition more frequently,” Dear adds. “The frequency depends on making sure your scalp and hair shaft are clean and hydrated. But since you really shouldn’t shampoo every day, you should still use a conditioner on the in-between days, in order to fortify your strands, while flushing away any unwanted buildup. “These metals in particular can cause your hair to be brittle and create tangles,” she warns. “You always want to condition your hair even if you do not shampoo,” Dear says, noting that your water system can be sprinkled with hair-compromising metals and hard minerals-not to mention any pollution and grease it accrued that day. However, if you have particularly curly texture, go on over to our men’s guide for curly hair care for a similar overview. Here are her tips for styling and caring for your hair as it grows out. Not only is Dear an expert at cutting and styling hair of all lengths, she also formulates her own hair care and styling products at House of Dear-so she really knows what’s what. The seemingly effortless kind, which actually requires proper care and styling.įor that care and styling, we sought the expertise of one Holly Dear, hair artist and owner of House of Dear Hair Salon in Dallas. But don’t let any of that deter you: Having long hair is an accomplishment in and of itself, especially when it’s the kind of hair that garners compliments. (There’s a reason so many guys choose the road less managed, and simply buzz it all off). It grows increasingly hard to have a “good hair day” with each inch grown, as you confront things like excess bulk, breakage, frizzing, split ends, and more. Long hair may make someone seem laid back and casual-cool-and he might be, yes-but the truth is, a lot of thought and work goes into making hair look so effortless. ![]() Slow feeder dog bowls can help prevent this by slowing down your dog’s eating pace and reducing the amount of air they swallow while eating. Here are some of the benefits of using a slow feeder dog bowl: Prevents Bloating and Gassinessįast eating can lead to bloating and gassiness in dogs, especially in certain breeds. If you’re considering a slow feeder dog bowl for your furry friend, you’re on the right track. See also Is Hemp Shampoo Good for Dogs? Pros of Slow Feeder Dog Bowls In these cases, it may be necessary to try other feeding methods or consult with a veterinarian. Some dogs may still eat too quickly, even with a slow feeder bowl. May Not be Effective for all Dogs: While slow feeder dog bowls can be effective for many dogs, they may not work for all.This can be time-consuming and may require patience and persistence on the part of the pet owner. May Require Training: Some dogs may need to be trained to use a slow feeder dog bowl.This can be frustrating for pet owners who want to keep their dog’s feeding dish clean and hygienic. Can be Difficult to Clean: Some slow feeder dog bowls have intricate designs or are made from materials that are difficult to clean.Additionally, dogs who are already slow eaters may not benefit from a slow feeder bowl. Dogs with brachycephalic (flat-faced) breeds, for example, may struggle to use these types of bowls. Not Suitable for All Dogs: While slow feeder dog bowls can be beneficial for many dogs, they are not suitable for all.This can provide mental stimulation and help prevent boredom. Mental Stimulation: Some slow feeder dog bowls are designed with puzzles or mazes that require your dog to work for their food.Slow feeder dog bowls can help promote healthy digestion by allowing your dog to eat at a slower, more natural pace. Promotes Healthy Digestion: Eating too quickly can also lead to digestive issues such as bloating, gas, and stomach upset.Slow feeder dog bowls can help reduce this risk by encouraging them to take smaller bites and chew their food more thoroughly. Reduces Risk of Choking: When dogs eat too quickly, they are at a higher risk of choking on their food.This can be especially helpful for dogs who are prone to obesity or who have a tendency to scarf down their food too quickly. ![]() Prevents Overeating: Slow feeder dog bowls can help prevent your dog from overeating by forcing them to eat at a slower pace.Here are some of the benefits and drawbacks to consider: Pros If you are considering purchasing a slow feeder dog bowl, it is important to understand the pros and cons associated with this type of feeding dish. Related posts: Slow Feeder Dog Bowl Pros and Cons.Considering the Slow Feeder Dog Bowl Pros and Cons. ![]() Your backyard is a terrific place for easy science experiments! Grab a plastic bag and rubber band to learn how plants get rid of excess water they don’t need, a process known as transpiration. ![]() Kids will certainly get a kick out of creating their own sundials using everyday materials like cardboard and pencils. While people use clocks or even phones to tell time today, there was a time when a sundial was the best means to do that. Grind them up and mix them with flour, water, and food coloring to make your very own sidewalk chalk. Create eggshell chalkĮggshells contain calcium, the same material that makes chalk. Learn more: KiwiCo/Carbon Sugar Snake 30. Grow a carbon sugar snakeĮasy science experiments can still have impressive results! This eye-popping chemical reaction demonstration only requires simple supplies like sugar, baking soda, and sand. Learn how to build it at the link, and expand your learning by exploring more about Da Vinci himself. It’s inspired by Leonardo da Vinci’s 500-year-old self-supporting wooden bridge. There are plenty of bridge-building experiments out there, but this one is unique. Learn more: Come Together Kids/Make Your Own Bouncy Balls 28. You will want to store them inside a container like a plastic egg because they will flatten out over time. These homemade bouncy balls are easy to make since all you will need is glue, food coloring, borax powder, cornstarch, and warm water. Learn more: Frugal Fun for Boys and Girls/Can Crush 27. Sure, it’s easy to crush a soda can with your bare hands, but what if you could do it without touching it at all? That’s the power of air pressure! Kids will be amazed when the liquids float one on top of the other like magic (except it is really science). Slowly layer liquids like honey, dish soap, water, and rubbing alcohol in a glass. This density demo is a little more complicated, but the effects are spectacular. Magnetize a needle, float it on the water’s surface, and it will always point north. Here’s an old classic that never fails to impress. This one is extremely simple, involving only hot and cold water and food coloring, but the visuals make it appealing and fun. There are a lot of easy science experiments you can do with density. ![]() ![]() Their eyes will pop out of their heads when you “levitate” a stick figure right off the table! This experiment works due to the insolubility of dry-erase marker ink in water, combined with the lighter density of the ink. The link below has complete instructions. This experiment takes a little more time and effort, but the results are always impressive. Build a solar ovenĮxplore the power of the sun when you build your own solar ovens and use them to cook some yummy treats. Learn more: Jennifer Findley/Apple Oxidation 21. Have students make predictions about what will happen to apple slices when immersed in different liquids, then put those predictions to the test! Finally, have them record their observations. Use apple slices to learn about oxidation Learn more: Frugal Fun for Boys and Girls/Straw Roller Coaster 20. We love this one, which only requires basic supplies like drinking straws. STEM challenges are always a hit with kids. Put all their engineering skills to the test with an egg drop! Challenge kids to build a container from stuff they find around the house that will protect an egg from a long fall (this is especially fun to do from upper-story windows). You can do so many easy science experiments with a simple zip-top bag! Fill one partway with water and set it on a sunny windowsill to see how the water evaporates up and eventually “rains” down. Learn more: Go Science Girls/Static Electricity 17. Kids will undoubtedly get a kick out of creating beards on their balloon person! Give a balloon face a beardĮqually educational and fun, this experiment will teach kids about static electricity using everyday materials. Learn more: Science Buddies/Cell Phone Stand 16. Use your engineering skills and items from around the house to design and build a cell phone stand. Once they’re suitably impressed, teach them how the “trick” works by explaining the chemistry of polymers. So simple and so amazing! All you need is a zip-top plastic bag, sharp pencils, and some water to blow your kids’ minds. Learn More: 123 Homeschool 4 Me/Capillary Action 14. Gather some water, paper towels, and food coloring to teach the scientific magic of capillary action. Kids will be amazed as they watch the colored water move from glass to glass, and you’ll love the easy and inexpensive setup. Colorist's teach that in the use of any LUT, you need to "stress test" it first, to find where it will break your media. LUTs are very useful, and very dangerous. All done from a simple table of input:output data. They're a very simple matrix operation: this value on input goes here for output. LUTs are called "the dumbest math out there" by colorists for a reason. So, that LUT is not something I'd recommend using especially in the Basic tab's Input LUT slot. Now, just adding that LUT, and see how it both clips a TON of highlights to white while crushing a lot of shadow tones to black, and blows the Vectorscope (showing saturation) way out from what it was. But that LUT is really pushing the contrast/saturation hard. And of course, that could make quite a difference. I don't know what he's got his CM and monitor set for. All screens are different, and you as creator have no control over them whatever. That's one of the frustrating things of working video post. No one outside the colorist's suite ever actually does, of course. you didn't see what the colorist was seeing. But I'll bet you didn't realize that your Mac is showing you all pro produced media lighter in the shadows than the colorist graded it, did you? Because of course. That will still be a correct image shown on a fully tricked out pro-calibrated Rec.709 reference monitor. There isn't any way to get both a correct image inside Premiere and in QuickTime on a Mac. and are ticked royally at Apple for so screwing with standards. VLC and Firefox apparently do not allow ColorSync to handle their CM, and so tend to give a more correct image on a Mac I'm told.Īnd I work with a lot of noted colorists, I even teach pro colorists. ![]() If that wasn't on before, it may well make a difference in how the video now appears in the Premiere monitors. make sure your Preferences is set to "Display Color Management" as checked/active. With that selected, Premiere looks at the ICC profile for a monitor, and remaps the image within Premiere to show a correct, Rec.709 standards, image. Which most users don't, whether on a Mac or PC. Unless you do check that, Premiere assumes that you have a totally accurate, calibrated and profiled pro-level Rec.709 monitor setup active. when working in video in Premiere on a Mac, you should make sure the "Display color management" option in the Preferences dialog is checked. and the other apps/browsers that allow ColorSync to manage the image. And because of the mis-application of standards by the Mac CM utility ColorSync, it is actually QuickTime. That same file, shown on a properly setup Rec.709 system, will look very close to the image in Premiere, and not like the image in QuckTime. ![]() But outside Premiere on that same Mac, in most apps and browsers, the image will be lighter in the shadows and a bit less saturated than within Premiere. With the DCM option checked on a Mac, a proper Rec.709 image will be shown inside Premiere. between the two mis-application problems of the Mac ColorSync utility, what does that do to an image? In two ways: first, they apply only the first of two required transforms to the image data, and second, they apply an odd 1.96 gamma instead of the required 2.4 gamma. ![]() because Apple chose to apply a very unique 'take' on Rec.709 video standards. Working color in SDR or Rec.709 video on a Mac is a challenge. I sent the same footage to a buddy and asked him to create a LUT for me to test if it was the footage or premiere. However, another interesting point is when LUTs are utilized. However, as expected, this issue is further exacerbated when applying a color grade. The above is a screenshot from the Premiere program window with no effects applied.īelow is a screenshot from QuickTime Player.Īs you can see, Premiere Pro is grotesquely distorting the video. To demonstrate what is happening, I will share some screenshots: So I then uninstalled Premiere Pro entirely and reinstalled it to try and remedy the problem. When I first noticed the issue, I tried quitting to fix the problem however that did not work. Premiere Pro 2022 (22.1.2) Apple Silicon version Roughly 13 hours ago, I opened Premiere and realized that displayed colors were off. Hi, I am currently running Premiere Pro 2022, and I am experiencing some strange phenomena. ![]() This led Apple to acquire NeXT in 1997, allowing NeXTSTEP, later called OPENSTEP, to serve as the basis for Apple's next generation operating system. Throughout the 1990s, Apple had tried to create a "next-generation" OS to succeed its classic Mac OS through the Taligent, Copland and Gershwin projects, but all were eventually abandoned. Its graphical user interface was built on top of an object-oriented GUI toolkit using the Objective-C programming language. The kernel of NeXTSTEP is based upon the Mach kernel, which was originally developed at Carnegie Mellon University, with additional kernel layers and low-level user space code derived from parts of BSD. There, the Unix-like NeXTSTEP operating system was developed, before being launched in 1989. ![]() The heritage of what would become macOS had originated at NeXT, a company founded by Steve Jobs following his departure from Apple in 1985. As of 2023, the most recent release of macOS is macOS 14 Sonoma. In 2020, Apple began the Apple silicon transition, using self-designed, 64-bit ARM-based Apple M series processors on the latest Macintosh computers. In 2006, Apple transitioned to the Intel architecture with a line of Macs using Intel Core processors. MacOS has supported three major processor architectures, beginning with PowerPC-based Macs in 1999. After sixteen distinct versions of macOS 10, macOS Big Sur was presented as version 11 in 2020, and every subsequent version has also incremented the major version number, similarly to classic Mac OS and iOS. Apple shortened the name to "OS X" in 2011 and then changed it to "macOS" in 2016 to align with the branding of Apple's other operating systems, iOS, watchOS, and tvOS. The derivatives of macOS are Apple's other operating systems: iOS, iPadOS, watchOS, tvOS, and audioOS.Ī prominent part of macOS's original brand identity was the use of Roman numeral X, pronounced "ten", as well as code naming each release after species of big cats, or places within California. All releases from Mac OS X Leopard onward with the exclusion of Mac OS X Lion are UNIX 03 certified. The first desktop version, Mac OS X 10.0, was released on March 24, 2001. During this time, Apple computers co-founder Steve Jobs had left Apple and started his own company, NeXT, developing the NeXTSTEP platform that would later be acquired by Apple to form the basis of Mac OS X. Mac OS X succeeded classic Mac OS, a Macintosh operating system from 1984 to 2001. Within the market of desktop and laptop computers, it is the second most widely used desktop OS, after Microsoft Windows and ahead of all Linux machines, including ChromeOS. It is the primary operating system for Apple's Mac computers. MacOS ( / ˌ m æ k oʊ ˈ ɛ s/ originally Mac OS X, previously shortened as OS X) is an operating system developed and marketed by Apple Inc. ![]() It is no longer up to labels and brands to tell their customers who they are, but the customer tells you who you are and what you stand for. Like it or not, the way customers interact with brands, companies and organizations has changed dramatically. The other side of the coin is social media. Today's online world not only makes products, services and even jobs available around the world, but provides access to a variety of resources to do your own research and gather relevant insights. The reason for this is twofold and interrelated.įirst, customers have access to a plethora of options and alternatives. The first thing we need to fully understand is that companies no longer have absolute power in the dynamics between seller and buyer (or seller and recipient, or employer and employee). Let's start by taking a closer look at why this customer perspective is so important. In this blog I will further refer to the 'customer', which can then be used to read consumers as well as employees and other users. ![]() The most common definition for TX is the way in which customers experience a brand, product and/or service along all relevant touchpoints - traditionally this was primarily during the moment of purchase and interaction with a salesperson or customer service representative. In fact, Gartner's Top Strategic Technology Trends for 2022 reporting predicts that by 2026, 60% of larger enterprises will use Total Experience to transform their operations to achieve the highest possible level of customer and employee advocacy. Success in the digital experience economy requires a "total experience" is what Jason Wong, Distinguished VP Analyst wrote about in one of his blogs. Total Experience (TX) is a term that research and consultancy firm Gartner describes as a bundle of four disciplines: customer experience (CX), user experience (UX), employee experience (EX) and multiple experience (MX), to create a better experience for consumers and employees.įIGURE 2 – Connecting MX, UX, CX and EX to TX Strategy (bron: Gartner) In this blog, I will describe three essential steps you can take to prepare yourself for success. How can organizations future-proof their CX strategy and ensure that they can at least keep up with consumer needs and expectations, and maybe even stay one step ahead? I see that adopting a Total Experience strategy, driven by insights (instead of just data) can serve as a foundation. This is logical, given that the needs of consumers are evolving rapidly and the complexity of responding adequately is increasing. This priority was already number one in previous years. As shown in Figure 1, improving the customer experience remains a priority for retailers, both in business and IT. ![]() Each year, CGI conducts about 1,700 interviews with clients worldwide to hear about their top trends and priorities. ![]() ![]() What Information Must a Memorandum of Understanding Include? Key elements that may render a memorandum of understanding to be legally binding include:Ĭonsideration (the benefit each party expects to get from the contract, such as payment or other compensation) In those cases, a party that violates that clause can be held liable. ![]() Though MOUs themselves are not legally binding documents, they can include a clause that becomes legally binding. These documents all discuss a mutually beneficial goal and the desire for the involved parties to complete this stated goal. MOUs are basically indistinguishable under the law from letters of intent and memoranda of agreement. These types of agreements are used frequently in:Ī memorandum of understanding is the same as a letter of intent in United States law. In other words, the MOU document acts as the foundation for negotiations. The memorandum of understanding also defines the purposes and the scope of negotiations. Instead, the MOU is used to demonstrate each party's willingness to take whatever action is necessary to move a contract forward. Is a Memorandum of Understanding Legally Binding?Īlthough an MOU is a formal document, it is typically not legally binding. *By purchasing a template, you acknowledge that you have read and understood Your company and another business want to work on a specific project together. You own a small business and frequently partner with others.Īnother business has asked about working with your business. You own a business and plan to partner with another business. Here are a few common reasons for using an MOU: When Should You Use a Memorandum of Understanding? Common names for a memorandum of understanding include: You may see this type of document referred to by a few different names. Other Names for a Memorandum of Understanding However, it is a common device in business negotiations as well. The memorandum of understanding document is often found in international relations, used as a companion or alternative to a formal treaty. For example, a contract is a private written agreement, and unlike an MOU, it is legally binding and enforceable by a judge. A memorandum of understanding may sound a lot like a contract, but there are significant differences. On the scale of formal agreements, a memorandum of understanding is less formal than a contract but more formal than a handshake. Though an MOU is not legally binding, it serves as a serious declaration that a binding contract is imminent, and it may include some binding provisions if the parties choose to do so. An MOU indicates that the parties have reached an understanding and are ready to move forward. ![]() You can think of a memorandum of understanding as a way for all parties to express that they agree to proceed with their mutual goals. A memorandum of understanding can be bilateral (between two parties) or multilateral (between more than two parties). This type of document also details the intent of a common line of action. The University does not ordinarily agree to establish "joint" enterprises, which involve mingled funding, governance, and naming.A memorandum of understanding (MOU) is a written agreement between parties that expresses their aligned will. Harvard strongly prefers that its work with partner organizations takes the form of collaboration between two independent entities. This approach gives each party maximum flexibility and autonomy without sacrificing the goal of collaboration. Visiting student and scholar programs governed by MOUs give each party – Harvard and the partner – full authority to make its own admissions decisions and obligate neither to accept a fixed number of visiting students or scholars from the other in any given time period. Harvard strongly supports and encourages the free flow of ideas and people between institutions of learning worldwide. MOUs with international partners always include certain standard clauses, such as a non-discrimination clause. The Vice Provost for International Affairs must sign any MOU with a non-U.S. “Harvard” is a party to an MOU only in the rare circumstances described in the Use of Name policy. Thus, the Harvard party to an MOU is the individual School, department, center, or other unit that will manage the activity described by the MOU. MOUs follow the University’s Use of Name policy. What guidelines and policies does Harvard follow in signing MOUs? |
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